Hi Mario,
your concern is very appropriate, an electrostatic discharge will very likely do damage, and the limiting diodes are a very good addition. I don't know about STMicros controllers, but at least AVRs do have internal clamping diodes. Some external diodes won't do harm though (decrease accuracy a bit though).
Although the capacitances are in the range of 50pF, a large value resistor does decrease the sensitivity dramatically.
Normally, you'd have the sensing plate behind a dielectric to prevent arcs alltogether or use an actual sensing IC.
Anyways, this is of course more of a proof-of-concept and not really feasible for anything that is supposed to last.
Greetings,
Martin