I'm confused by
Do you mean non rechargeable?current draw would be too high for it to run off batteries
Myself I'd be tempted to look at a small cheap usb charger and modify it.
As you point out resistor dividers have issues not least being VERY wasteful when it comes to power. eg a 25w 10k resistor would be required to give 5v at 50mA. (a lot of power lost!)
I'd rip apart a switch mode 5v psu, and look at the chip set. They work by rectifying the mains, then using a high frequency oscillator to get the power through a step down transformer, to get the power conversion.
I'm sure I telling you some thing you already know: DC KILLS! That's my HSE and get out clause!
Yours Simon M.